The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay Shamanism is an immense factor in most conventional religions, some of which incorporate the Africans, Native Americans, numerous pieces of Asia, just as different societies. Despite the fact that the meaning of a shaman contrasts starting with one area then onto the next, the general word reference meaning of a shaman is An individual from certain ancestral social orders who goes about as a medium between the noticeable world and an imperceptible soul world and who rehearses enchantment or witchcraft for motivations behind recuperating, divination, and authority over normal occasions. The term shaman began in the Mongol and Turkish zone and is interpreted truly as one who realizes which associates with their insight into the approaches to control spirits and enchantment. With Shamanism being associated with such huge numbers of various societies, its hard to give it only one definition, so in this paper I will experience a couple of the way of life and clarify their particular meani ng of shamanism and the various viewpoints engaged with African customary religions. African Shamanism There are various perspectives to African shamanism. The fundamental meaning of shamanism in Africa has a decent implication and as a rule includes control of spirits or natural substances to mend, direct, or accomplish useful work for other people. A portion of the particular names of these shamans are rainmakers or paradise herders, botanists or medication men, and soothsayers. Not all individuals utilize their hotspots for acts of kindness, and when a shaman starts utilizing their methods for malicious doings, they at that point gain the name of witch or alchemist. Such is the situation in most different societies also. There are two particular conventional religions in Africa-Zulu and Yoruba. They have numerous similitudes just as contrasts. The Zulu stick for the most part to the slopes in light of their topographical area, and thusly think about slopes to have otherworldly importance. Since slopes have such exceptional importance, the Zulu manufacture their towns, or kraals, on the slopes in a roundabout development with the entryways confronting east (do to centrality of the sun), the group in the focal point of the kraal, and the headman, known as the umnumzane, is on the west side of the kraal. The umnumzane affects the clan. He holds the political, social and strict pioneer jobs over the entire clan, and is frequently a soothsayer. The headman of every Zulu kraal is the central authority of the town and furthermore that individual most straightforwardly answerable for the exhibition of the ceremonial demonstrations expected of all Zulu, particularly those that address the ancestors. [1] Besides explaining questions or settling on choices inside his kraal, one of the umnumzanes principle jobs is contact with the predecessors. He will play out all the ceremonies and such things to satisfy the precursors for everybody inside his kraal. The predecessors have a gigantic influence in Zulu convictions thus the job of the umnumzane is significant. The individuals need to keep the progenitors cheerful with the goal that they will keep on having favorable luck in their lives. As indicated by most African conventional religions, the precursors don't cause hardship, yet others do. The position framework is very comparative in the Yoruba clans. Their political, social and strict pioneer is very much the same, but instead than having a settlement on a slope where the ceremonies include the entirety of the network under one pioneer, the strict commitments are put on the leader of the family, or the olori ebi, and that individual does the correspondence with the precursors, and keeps them upbeat and such. Every family has its own place of worship. The people group despite everything gets all together to perform strict functions, however it is increasingly centered around the family. Divination is utilized to decide answers for issues, to delineate reasons of disaster, or even to foresee what's to come. In the Zulu culture, soothsayers must be called by methods for a fantasy or vision that is trailed by hurts, torments, or other real dysfunctions. Anybody can turn into a soothsayer, albeit regularly ladies involve the position. Once called, the individual should be prepared by an accomplished seer. The Yoruba are somewhat unique with their seer. They have a holy cast, and one piece of the position called the Orunmila explicitly use divination practices to get in touch with one specific god for answers. Like the Zulu however, the one that will end up being a seer will experience broad preparing from an accomplished soothsayer. Seers in the two conditions have numerous methods for accomplishing their work. They can utilize components, for example, water, fire, bones, sticks, and so forth to discover their answers, and with these articles, they have made methods for deciphering the signs from each. In certain conditions, the seers will permit themselves to be in a stupor that permits them to speak with the spirits, or even be controlled by the spirits so as to discover the solutions for their customers, yet ordinarily the soothsayers are the ones controlling the spirits and getting their insight as opposed to being utilized by the spirits. When individuals have figured out what their concern is from the seer, they at that point go to a botanist for a cure. Cultivators could without much of a stretch be meant specialists and serve a similar job in both the Zulu and Yoruba. They were prepared to know well which herbs or cures worked for the various conditions. Some portion of the conventional religions is that spirits live in a significant number of the nature components, thus botanists utilized this religious philosophy in their fills in also. They would utilize certain plants or areas on account of the profound components included, and would control the spirits in such a manner to fix their customer. Though most soothsayers are ladies, most cultivators are men. Information on medication is generally passed on from father to son. [2] Along with the passed on information, cultivators were consistently open to new data. This incorporates practical data, just as profound bits of knowledge. Another type of soul control in the Zulu is the izinyanga ezulu, or paradise herders. Paradise herders are consistently men, and must be brought here and there by the Sky God. Their responsibility is to control where storms and such go. They are supposed to be devotees of the Sky God, just as a medium between the individuals and the Sky God. With cows and farming being a colossal piece of the Zulu culture, it bodes well that the sky is taken care of as steers seem to be, and that the climate should be controlled for the individuals who own raise harvests to take care of the individuals. The Yoruba hold no such position, in spite of the fact that they do likewise love a comparable god with their religious cast. They (seers) are by all account not the only powerfully propelled aides individuals go to for counsel. Numerous consuld mediums who speak with spirits while in a daze. Some might be had just a single time or twice in the course of their life, however others guarantee to be in ordinary contact with at least one familiars that they can distinguish by name. [3] The Yoruba called these individuals elegun. Among the Zulu, just the soothsayer could do such, yet the with the Yoruba, anybody could be utilized as a medium; they didn't should be a seer. The Yoruba likewise have individuals that are known as the egungun. The egungun are veiled artists that perform for the precursors. They have unique veils that are associated profoundly to the progenitors and are said to have extraordinary force. Just men are permitted to be egungun, except for one lady, who is the chief or dresser. One needs to acquire the title of egungun by experiencing a specific procedure. While the vast majority of those positions are available to the general population as well as the benefit of the network, a few people abuse their capacities. Such individuals are called witches or alchemists. Since the people groups accept that the spirits don't cause any mischief, every awful thing are as far as anyone knows an outcome from witches and alchemists. As indicated by the Zulu, somebody could be a witch without acknowledging it. Their very nearness would carry setback to people around them. Much of the time however, in both the Zulu and the Yoruba, the witches are shaman that utilization their abilities for fiendish. They turn the framework from utilizing their forces naughtily. They work cryptically, and generally just at evenings. Albeit attempting to separate among witches and alchemists is troublesome, there are a couple of little methods for varying them. Alchemists will in general work alone where as witches will assemble around evening time and work as a group. Another alleged attribute of alchemists is the capacity to shape-move. There one story of alchemist tricking a lady to experience passionate feelings for him. He offered to wed her, and on their excursion back to his town the set up camp. During the night he changed into a lion so as to eat her. Fortunately for her, her sibling didn't confide in the man and tailed them, and continued to shield his sister from being eaten. Different stories recount magicians assuming the type of an owl for methods for getting away from their home quietly and unwittingly. Another alleged attribute of alchemists is their capacity to utilize the undead. They can murder an individual utilizing their dark enchantment, and afterward utilize the people dead body for their own utilization. Witches are regularly delineated as utilizing voodoo, charms and reviles. Voodoo includes obtaining a piece of somebody, for example, a hair, nail, or something to that effect, and it is added to a specific item that the witch makes. The piece of the individual associates them to the witches object, and the witch can play with the individual along these lines. Charms could be an item that has been recited over and accused of enchantment. An appeal could be a bit of paper with a serenade composed on it that could be worn, or an appeal could essentially be a serenade itself utilized in snapshots of required insurance or other. Regularly, individuals would get charms to shield themselves from witches curses. The last primary concern that witches use is curses. Condemnations, hexes, spells, or whatever you may call them, have been a concern of normal individuals for longer than history can tell. Regularly it is a serenade said with feeling over an individual to welcome adversity on them. They can be communicated in an obscure language,

Higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Advanced education - Essay Example Lamentably, inside the bounds of a trial period at schools or colleges, the foundations can decide not to reestablish personnel contracts and fire staff with no explanation or cause since they are classed as freely workers. All through the trial time frame, senior educators and directors assess crafted by new personnel instructing, research and administration before choosing whether or not to suggest residency. This would be overseen by having the understudies round out a poll toward the year's end to tell the heads and senior teachers how a specific educator instructed that year what are the qualities and shortcomings in a specific territory. The heads don't just concentrate on what the understudies state about the teacher they base how to become residency not just on the poll that the understudies round out however how the educator does all in all. The educators have a portfolio that they gather in mid year most likely around April and they turn it in to the Department Head of that specific office. The latest overview of American personnel shows that, in a run of the mill year, around one of every five trial employees was denied residency and lost their employment. As per the NEA and a paper titled The Truth About Tenure in Higher Education the employees of any organization are responsible significantly after the accomplishment of residency. Assessments of tenured workforce happen intermittently for advancement, pay increments and in any event, for merit increments. There is normal audit of articles for distribution and for award applications dependent on merit by personnel peers. In the event that essential scholarly precepts and fair treatment rights are watched, this sort of responsibility is completely proper. A finding of inadequacy or amateurish direct can at present outcome in terminating. (1.http://www2.nea.org/he/truth .html) Colleges figure out how to constrain assorted variety into an a lot more extensive cultural disclosure process. The importance got from this would be that staff residency would be founded on the standards of scholarly self-sufficiency and free request. Together, these very standards would likewise oversee portraying a substantially less ideal track considered as responsibility lacking. A tenured employee just isn't entirely responsible to dignitaries and office chairs.Lack of responsibility goes under overwhelming analysis, but then residency itself remains some portion of the righteousness of the university.It is the strategic a college to work using novel and free standards whereby producing and assessing thoughts in like manner comparative with the rest of society. There would be immediate business contemplations which would drive most thought sources remembering innovative work for corporate circles, business culture, VIP culture and promoting. The college capacities as both anot her option and correlative component for the creation and assessment of social ideas.Direct business pressures protect educators in the college condition; at any rate this is valid in theory.For the most part, scholastic prizes would be controlled by a companion assessment. In a procedure that relies upon scholarly or innovative hotshots, residency and non-responsibility work particularly well inside

the effects of the atom bomb essays

the impacts of the nuclear bomb articles On August 6, 1945, the primary nuclear bomb at any point was dropped on the city of Hiroshima, Japan, slaughtering around 70,000 individuals, injuring around 70,000 and annihilating around five square miles of the city. The nuclear bomb was the aftereffect of the manhattan venture, a gigantic endeavor by the U.S. government to abuse the splitting procedure for military purposes, by method of a bomb with inconceivable ruinous forces. The venture was given the green light by President Roosevelt after he got a letter from Albert Einstein depicting what could be cultivated with the Manhattan venture, it took the consolidated endeavors of a portion of the universes top researchers to persuade Einstein to compose the letters and the information that Germany was attempting to assemble their own nuclear bombs. The nuclear bomb influenced the world by consummation the war, changing the manner in which we battle wars and influencing the manner in which individuals live their regular day to day existences. When the Manhattan venture was finished the war was about over in Europe, so President Harry Truman concluded that the bomb ought to be dropped on Japan. This was for three reasons, the Japanese would not surrender the battle effectively and Truman didn't need additional Americans to kick the bucket, the undertaking was of too extraordinary a cost, about two billion dollars, for the American government not to utilize it and the American residents held disdain against the Japanese for Pearl Harbor and the treatment of American detainees. So on August 6, 1945, a B-29 plane named the Enola Gay dropped a 9,000 pound bomb, called young man, on Hiroshima, Japan. Young man exploded 1,900 feet over the city, quickly it murdered around 70,000 and left 70,000 harmed, yet the full impacts of the impact could be felt for quite a long time with individuals kicking the bucket from radiation affliction, a few people likewise created hereditary issues which brought about having contorted infants or being sterile. After the underlying assault Truman cautioned the Japanese that they should give up or the U.S. would bomb other sit... <!

Colleges Like Parents. They Really Do...Sort of.

HomeSurviveFreshman yearColleges Like Parents. They Really DoSort of.This page may contain affiliate links.Nov 9, 2019 Let’s start with a basic truth: Parents, you are not the ones going to college. Your kids are. Helicopter Parenting is Discouraged Colleges prefer, and most insist, that by the time they get to college, kids are able to manage their own lives – meaning they are the ones to call or email professors, visit the dean, stay in touch with their advisors, and go to health services when they are sick. In fact, under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), once a student reaches 18 or attends a postsecondary institution, all rights formerly given to parents transfer to the student. This means that a school may not generally disclose personally identifiable information from a student’s education records to a third party, including a parent, without the student’s written consent even if the parent is paying the tuition bill! But your student can (and should) give you access to things like tuition bills and grades by signing a FERPA waiver form, generally available on the school website. Colleges do like parents, however, and want them to be involved to some degree aside from giving to the annual fund. Nowadays, colleges are beginning to understand that parents who have close relationships with their students are not to be feared but embraced. Many schools have even begun to host separate orientation programs for Helicopter Parents as means of assuaging their fears about their children being on their own. We all know that parent involvement, especially in the early grades, correlates positively with student success. But recent studies have shown that a good connection between students and their parents, within reason, also has a positive effect. What Type of Parental Involvement is Helpful? From what we’ve learned along the way, it’s all about balance. Staying in touch with your kid, but not calling incessantly, may mean waiting for them to reach out first. [How often do college students talk to their parents?] Being interested in hearing about their classes and activities but not dictating what clubs they should join, for example, is important for them to discover their own passions (plus, it conveys that you trust them to make their own decisions). You might encourage them to take advantage of campus resources, particularly if they are struggling academically, emotionally or physically – but let them advocate for themselves. That said, you want to be aware of any significant changes in your student and know when there might be a serious reason for you to step in. In the end: Trust your instincts but give them the space to figure things out for themselves. Are Colleges Encouraging Parents To Be Involved? Many schools have some type of parents program or ways to make parents feel a part of the college community. Some schools offer an online forum or listserv for parents to discuss college-related issues, many hold seminars just for parents during orientation and/or family weekend, and others send out newsletters to keep parents informed about what’s happening on campus. To stay in the loop, parents should be sure to sign up for any newsletters or to be added to emails directed to parents from the university. The college years are an important time. It is a time of tremendous personal growth and change – for you and your student. Colleges understand this, and continue to find new ways to nurture a positive relationship with college parents.

The Characterization Of Oedipus Oedipus Rex - 1303 Words

In Sophocles tragic play, Oedipus Rex, there is often feedback when discussing the characterization of Oedipus. Key issues in this play are pointed towards in realm of a tragedy, because Oedipus suffers a few character flaws such as anger, pride and arrogance. Within those flaws, he fails to reflect upon his actions; causing blindness and later, result his honor to be under minded and seen at the forefront of Thebes. What makes this play more on the fringe than other tragic plays are Oedipus’s actions’. They are what motivate his prophecy, and it allows him to discover his identity as, â€Å"He has no clear vision which enables him to examine every side of a matter with unclouded eyes, and to see all things in due perspective; nor has he a calm wisdom which is always master of his passion,† says Barstow, Marjorie. Considering the background of this tragic, begins with his actions before he enters Thebes. This indicates a general structure of his actions; Revealing his first flaw of pride. Toward the end of the plot Oedipus says to Jocusta, â€Å"There was a dinner and at it a man, a drunken man, accused me in his drink of being bastard. I was furious but held my temper under for that day.† 871. Reflecting back, he continues explaining to Jocusta, his wife, how he confronted his parents and visits the oracle in Delphi. â€Å"Next day I went and taxed my parents with it they took the insult very ill from him, the drunken fellow who had uttered it. So I was comforted for their part, butShow MoreRelatedHuman Will and the Power of the Gods: Oedipus Rex by Sophocles1363 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplished only by some. Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is considered today as one of the greatest tragedies produced by an author during this time. Carefully crafted motifs, character-developing monol ogues, and poignant irony all combine to create a tragedy that leaves readers stunned and grieving for poor Oedipus. Throughout Oedipus Rex, the motif of blindness and sight emphasizes the struggle between the power of free will and the power of the gods made evident in Oedipus’ interactions with Tiresias, Jokasta’sRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1445 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough not all who wander or deviate from the path are lost, some clearly are. When Oedipus, the eponymous character of Sophocles’ tragedy Oedipus Rex, first learns that he is destined to kill his father and marry his mother, he abandons his home intent on never returning in order to avoid meeting his fate. Unbeknownst to the tragic hero, before the curtain’s rise, the prophecy has already been fulfilled. Consequently, due to the underlying corruption in Thebes, the people are perishing of a plagueRead MoreOedipus Rex Motifs And Symbols1319 Words   |  6 Pages Oedipus Rex Motifs and Symbols The paths (3 crossroads): Expressed three independent ways Oedipus could have chosen to continue his life, and Oedipus chose the inferior road. Oedipus’s legs: Oedipus’s damaged legs and feet symbolize his painful upbringing. As well as this, it represents his mental health, which is damaged just like his feet. Vision: Oedipus can actually see, while Tiresias is actually blind. Yet, even though he can see, Oedipus is blind enough to not recognize that he killedRead MoreExamples Of Fate In Oedipus1010 Words   |  5 PagesIt is the responsibility of man to take ownership of his destiny which separates the human condition for that of other earthly beasts. From birth, Oedipus, the tragic hero of Sophocles’ Greek Tragedy Oedipus Rex, is destined to kill his father and marry his mother. Although by the opening act of the play, Oedipus has earned the throne of Thebes for solving the riddle of the Sphinx, the eponymous character is unaware that he has already fulfilled his prophecy. Meanwhile, the people of Thebes are dyingRead MoreExposure to Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus the King702 Words   |  3 Pagesto write the drama Oedipus the king. One important influence on the story was his exposer to tragedy all around him. Jeffrey buller in â€Å"Sophocles† told us that Sophocles lear ned the art form of tragedy from Aeschylus. Sophocles later went to the Great Dionysus a competition for the greatest tragedy and won first place over Aeschylus. Also, Sophocles shows tragedy in the play by telling us about the legend the heard while he grew up (Buller 2-4).Similarly, Oedipus in â€Å"Oedipus the King† goes hisRead MoreOedipus The King, And Oedipus At Colonus1343 Words   |  6 Pages Oedipus, a play written by Sophocles, has become a staple in the study of a Tragic hero in classic literature. When this was written in the fifth century, theatre was more than a means of entertainment but almost a religious event. Robert Fagles goes even further by saying that†theatre was not only a religious festival; it was also an aspect of the city’s political life.† (Fagles) . Greek dramas were presented only twice a year during religious festivals that honored Dionysus, the god of winesRead MoreFate is the Key Theme in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and in Chekhov’s The Seagull622 Words   |  2 Pagesforgone conclusion of fate is a key theme in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and in Chekhov’s The Seagull. These story fascinated readers the way that forgone conclusions are sent by playwright and how the actions of the characters contribute to and heightened their fate. There is a distinction to the approach during which Oedipus and, to a lesser extent, Nina builds their fates by their own actions and decision. In every case the authors use characterization to reinforce and increase the sense of foregone conclusionRead MoreOedipus Rex2527 Words   |  11 PagesEssay on Oedipus Rex 4-3-97 In Sophocles Oedipus Rex, the theme of irony plays an important part through the play. What Oedipus does, what he says, and even who he is can sometimes be ironic. This irony can help us to see the character of Oedipus as truly a blind man, or a wholly public man. A great irony is found in Oedipuss decree condemning the murderer. Oedipus says, To avenge the city and the citys god, / And not as though it were for some distant friend, / But for my own sake, to beRead MoreOedipus vs. Creon1174 Words   |  5 PagesOne City; Two Corrupt Leaders In the plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone by Sophocles, Oedipus and Creon exert similar characteristics as leaders that ultimately result in their characterization as tragic heroes. They take a similar course throughout their stories, which leads to a similar fate, resulting in tragedy. Both characters tried to revive a city in need, but in the process, the hubris they possessed got in the way. Both men had the chance to see that their actions would lead to a tragic endingRead MoreOpedipus, a tragic hero Essay example1708 Words   |  7 PagesOutline Thesis Statement: Oedipus is the embodiment of Aristotle’s characterization of a tragic hero through his ability to preserve his virtue and wisdom, despite his flaws and predicament. Introduction I. Sophocles’ Oedipus: A Tragic Hero A. Definition of a tragic hero B. Oedipus Character as it relates II. Tragedy A. Language of Tragedy B. Tragedy as it affects the audience III. Plot A. Aristotle’s idea of a tragic plot B. Significance of the plot IV. Virtue and Morality

Julius Caesar The Great Expansionist - 1681 Words

Tom Nowakowski 3/9/15 HI-211 Dr. Pursell Caesar Augustus: The Great Expansionist Was Caesar Augustus an expansionist? Granted, he obviously enlarged the Roman Empire through a series of conquests during his reign. However, were those conquests for defensive or offensive reasons? That is the question we must ask when examining the foreign policy of the first Roman Emperor, Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus, or simply Augustus. As the founder of the Roman Empire, ruling from 27 B.C.-14 A.D., Augustus inherited a dying Republic that had previously embarked upon its own missions of expansion and conquest. By the time of his accession, the Republic was all but in name only. Solidifying his power, he was now the most powerful man in the empire. Although some of his conquests may have been defensive in nature, Augustus was undoubtedly keen on enlarging the empire just for the sake of enlargement alone. Augustus’s foreign exploits would culminate in the conquest and acquisition of Illyricum, Pannonia, Hispania, Raetia s and Noricum s Alpine regions, and parts of the coastline of North Africa. Notwithstanding, Augustus also annexed Egypt and made it his own personal province; it was to be ruled under â€Å"an exploitative Egyptian policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dundas, 433). The importance of the addition of Egypt cannot be overstated. Egypt was the wealthiest Roman province with a well-established urban economy; it was also a large grain supplier to the Roman Empire. InShow MoreRelatedRome s Transformation From Republic1584 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. Augustus became one of Rome’s greatest leaders and he established the principate, the form of government under which Rome ruled its empire for many years. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Caesar Augustus, was born Gaius Julius Octavius in Rome, Italy and was alive from 63 BC - AD 14. Augustus’ father, also called Gaius Octavius, was the governor of Macedonia, and his mother was the niece of Julius Caesar. Octavian grew up in the villageRead MoreThe Achievements Of Augustus Have Serve As The Basis Of His Achievements1942 Words   |  8 Pages Although he achieved many things from his early life as the heir of Caesar to the rise of the principate, arguably his most important achievement was the establishment of the Roman Empire as it set up the foundations for a 200 year empire that prospered due to many political reforms, and a legacy that is still alive today. After the death of Julius Caesar in March 44 BC, Augustus (then known as Gaius Octavius) accepted Caesar s political legacy despite being advised not to as he was only 18 atRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1611 Words   |  7 Pageshigh aspirations and expectations from. Its founders chose to steal women from neighboring villages, in order to grow its population. These aggressive and expansionary ideologies remained within the personalities of every Roman, living inside the great empire 755 years later. And yet despite its vast military presence and growing cities and towns, the Roman Empire and its capital still succumbed to a barbarian takeover. This was widely regarded as one of the greatest tragedies in ancient historyRead More Comparing the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire Essay2782 Words   |  12 PagesThe Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were two grand empires that rose out of preexisting territories and provided relative peace over wide areas. The collapse of the Qin D ynasty (221-206 BCE), which was the first great land-based empire in East Asia, came after a period of war, confusion, and tyrannical rule. Due to the political disorder that stemmed from the early dynastic activity, the emergence of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE- 228 CE) sprung to focus on restoring order. On the other hand, the rise

Business and Corporation Law Business Negligence

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporation Law for Business Negligence. Answer: Scenario 1 Issue: As per the situation given in the case where Tom who is a friend of Steve needed a cargo truck which could hold a cargo of 10 tons however, the truck collapsed in the mid of delivery due to failure of suspension and Tom incurs a loss of $5000 every day. Law Law of Negligence misrepresentations: The above stated issue falls under the law of negligence misrepresentations. As the actions of misrepresentations also has the ability to give rise the action of tort (Feldthusen, 2015). Application: Negligence misrepresentations under the common law occur when the defendant carelessly makes a statement, which may have no reasonable basis to believe it as true. Such type of negligence misrepresentations allows the plaintiff to claim for damages where neither of the parties involved in the collateral contract nor does any fraud is found. A.C. 465 states that if the court of discovers that a representations has been negligently on which the plaintiff relied upon shall be considered as actionable in tort (Feldthusen, 2015). Conclusion: Under the current scenario, Steve negligently made representations to Tom to supply him with a truck having the capability of carrying 12 tons of cargo and Tom believed in the statements made by Tom. However, in the mid transits, the suspension of truck broke down and he incurred a financial loss. Hence, Steves actions represent Negligence misrepresentations and Tom can enforce the law of tort on Steve for acting negligently. Scenario 2: Issue: Pamela who used to water Steves garden during his absence once phoned Steve to lend her a car so that she can travel for holidays. Steve promises to lend her the car on phone, however,, at the time of delivery it was known that Steve had let out the car to someone else. Under the given situation, Steve has broken the contract, which was made orally to Pamela. Law: Law of Past Considerations: The above stated issue falls under the Law of Past Considerations. Considerations can be considered as important element for the formation of contract (McKendrick, 2014). A promise will be enforceable in the court of law only if it assisted by considerations. Application The applicability of the law under the current situations of Pamela and Steve states that a promise is given in return to the promise received. Usually past considerations is not considered as sufficient considerations however, a past service rendered on the request of the promisor with the implications that he or she will paid for, is considered as sufficient considerations in return to a subsequent promise made to pay for them (McKendrick, 2014). Conclusion: Steve who has promised Pamela to give a car has broken his promise by letting out the car to someone else. It must be noted that either an express term is enforceable in the court of law for promissory statement made written or oral which makes up the part of a contract. Hence, Pamela can bring a legal suit against Steve on the terms made by him, which will have their legal effects as Steve has broken his promise. Scenario 3 Issues: As per the given situation Danny who wanted to hire Toyota corolla from Steve on a rental fee of $40 per day including fuel charge arrived to collect the car on the given date. However, on arrival danny learned that the car vehichle was already destroyed in crash by another customer. Steves actions under this context fall under the Unilateral mistake as one of the party to the contract is mistaken to the subject matter which is contained in the contract. Law: Law of Unilateral Mistakes The above stated situation falls under the laws of Unilateral mistakes. The law states that where both the parties enter into an agreement falls under the mistake regarding the subject matter, which is based on the fact, which is significant to agreement and the agreement is void (Mason, 2014) Applicability The applicability law under the current situation of Danny and Steve states the erroneous opinion relating to the value of things forming a part of the subject matter of the agreement. Mistake is considered as the complex area under the contract law. It should be noted that under the given case of Danny and Steve where it is rare for the common law to offer the defendant with a remedy for unilateral mistake but equity on the other hand will intervene the common law more frequently. Conclusion Under the given scenario, Steves actions of unilateral mistakes are liable to be effected with the consequences as Danny has the authority to enforce for the specific performance of the contract and is enforceable in the court of law. Generally, unilateral mistake does not make the contract void unless the common law provides the Caveat Venditor let the seller be aware. Scenario 4 Issues Under the given situation the issue that has been identified that Steve who was looking to install a new air condition in his premises had negotiated with the Cool It Aircon Ltd which was owned by Trisha. After going through the latest draft containing all the specifications of the air conditions the sheet containing the contract of terms was mixed with other piles of paper and mistakenly gave his assent and sent it by fax. Law Doctrine of Estoppel The above state situations fall under the Doctrine of Estoppel where an individual is prevented from making any sort of assertions, which is contradictory in nature (Frazer, 2015). Thus, the law prohibits a person from by the way of preventing a person from asserting a specific fact in the court of law. Applicability The applicability of law under the given scenario of bars Steve from denying a certain fact in consequences of his previous negotiations made with Trisha. The doctrine of estoppels impedes Steve from denial or admission in relation to the final adjudication of the matter of fact in a court of law (Frazer, 2015). Conclusion: The actions of Steve are liable to be prosecuted in the court of law for his negligence because he acted negligently and he cannot deny the fact that he sent a fax containing his assent. On being prosecuted by Trisha for Steve denial of admission falls under the Doctrine of Issue Estoppel as Steve will not be able to argue before the court that he was negligent and it was an act of mistake. Reference List Feldthusen, B. (2015). Tilting the Balance of Power between the Courts and Government Through the Common Law of Negligence.Available at SSRN 2631586. Frazer, N. C. (2015). Reassessing the Doctrine of Judicial Estoppel: The Implications of the Judicial Integrity Rationale.Va. L. Rev.,101, 1501. Mason, L. (2014). Restatement of the law on rectification: equitable relief for mistakes in contractual documents.International Company and Commercial Law Review. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK).